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1 founding father
noun1) the first or one of the first founders of an organization, a school of thought etc:مُؤَسِّسthe founding father of psychoanalysis.
2) The Founding Fathers of the United States of America were the people who drew up its constitution.المُؤَسِّسون -
2 père
père [pεʀ]1. masculine nouna. father2. plural masculine nounpères ( = ancêtres) forefathers3. compounds* * *pɛʀ
1.
nom masculin1) lit, fig, Religion fatherle père (colloq) Dupont — old (colloq) Dupont
2) ( d'animal) gén male parent; (de chien, cheval) sire
2.
Phrasal Verbs:* * *pɛʀ1. nm1) [famille] father2) RELIGIONFather2. pères nmpl(= ancêtres) forefathers* * *A nm1 ( géniteur) father; devenir père to become a father; il est marié et père de deux enfants he is married with two children; de père en fils [transmis, passer] from father to son; ils sont banquiers de père en fils they have been bankers for generations; Dupont père Dupont senior; ⇒ avare;3 Relig ( titre) Father; le père Joseph Father Joseph; mon père Father; un père dominicain a dominican friar; un père jésuite a Jesuit priest;5 ○( monsieur) le père Dupont old○ Dupont.père abbé abbot; père adoptif adoptive father; père biologique biological father; père blanc White Father; père de famille father; être père de famille to have a family to look after; placement/valeur de père de famille safe ou low-risk investment; en bon père de famille as a responsible tenant; le père Noël Father Christmas GB, Santa Claus; père peinard○ easy-going bloke○ GB ou guy; père spirituel spiritual father; père tranquille mild-mannered fellow; Père de l'Église Church Father, Father of the Church.[pɛr] nom masculin1. [généralementiteur] father‘père inconnu’ ‘father unknown’2. [innovateur] father3. [chef]être bon père de famille to be a (good) father ou family mande père de famille: c'est un investissement de père de famille it's a rock-solid ou copper-bottomed investment4. [homme, enfant]il pleure, pauvre petit père! he's crying, poor little thing!le père Noël Santa Claus, Father Christmasmerci, mon père thank you, Father————————pères nom masculin plurielde père en fils locution adverbiale -
3 padre fundador
m.founding father.* * *(n.) = founding fatherEx. The history and proper study of popular literature generally dates only from the middle of the nineteenth century and the founding father of the discipline was Charles Nisard.* * *(n.) = founding fatherEx: The history and proper study of popular literature generally dates only from the middle of the nineteenth century and the founding father of the discipline was Charles Nisard.
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4 padre
m father* * *padre s.m.1 father (anche fig.): padre adottivo, putativo, adoptive, putative father; padre affettuoso, indulgente, severo, affectionate, indulgent, severe father: fa il padre severo, he plays the heavy father; padre di famiglia, father of a family; è padre di cinque figli, he is the father of five children; far le veci del padre, to act as a father; rendere padre qlcu., to make s.o. a father; è un ragazzo padre, he's an unmarried father; parente per parte di padre, related on one's father's side; Dante è il padre della lingua italiana, Dante is the father of the Italian language // padre padrone, tyrant // Piccolo Padre, ( lo zar) Little Father // da padre, as a father, ( paternamente) like a father: mi parlò da padre, he spoke to me like a father; ti parlo da padre, I am speaking to you as a father // far da padre a qlcu., to be a father to s.o.: mi ha fatto da padre, he was a father to me // di padre in figlio, from father to son: privilegi trasmessi di padre in figlio, privileges handed down from father to son // (teatr.) padre nobile, heavy father // i nostri padri, our forefathers (o ancestors) // (st.) Padri Pellegrini, Pilgrim Fathers2 (teol.) Father: Dio Padre, God the Father; ''Padre nostro che sei nei cieli...'', ''our Father which art in Heaven...''3 (eccl.) Father: Padre Giovanni, Father John; Padre O' Brien, Father O' Brien; il Santo Padre, the Holy Father // padre spirituale, father confessor, (estens.) mentor // i Padri della Chiesa, the Fathers of the Church.* * *['padre] 1.sostantivo maschile1) (genitore) fatherda o per parte di padre on one's father's side; è sposato e padre di due figli he is married with two children; di padre in figlio from father to son; Rossi padre Rossi senior; il Padre eterno — relig. the eternal Father
2) relig.3) fig. (inventore, fondatore) father2.••* * *padre/'padre/I sostantivo m.1 (genitore) father; diventare padre to become a father; da o per parte di padre on one's father's side; è sposato e padre di due figli he is married with two children; di padre in figlio from father to son; Rossi padre Rossi senior; il Padre eterno relig. the eternal Father2 relig. padre Matteo Father Matteo; padre superiore Father Superior; il Santo Padre the Holy FatherII padri m.pl.(antenati) (fore)fatherstale padre tale figlio like father like son\padre di famiglia father; Padre Nostro → padrenostro; padre padrone heavy-handed father; padre spirituale father confessor. -
5 literatura popular
f.popular works.* * *(n.) = popular literatureEx. The history and proper study of popular literature generally dates only from the middle of the nineteenth century and the founding father of the discipline was Charles Nisard.* * *(n.) = popular literatureEx: The history and proper study of popular literature generally dates only from the middle of the nineteenth century and the founding father of the discipline was Charles Nisard.
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6 il padre fondatore
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7 padre
adj.1 incredible, tremendous (informal). (peninsular Spanish)se armó el lío padre there was a terrible o huge fussfue el cachondeo padre it was a great laugh2 great. (Mexican Spanish)está muy padre it's really great o fantastic3 parent.4 neat, super.m.1 father (man).de padre y muy señor mío (informal) incredible, tremendouspadre de familia head of the familypadre político father-in-law2 father (religion).Santo padre Holy Father, Popepadre espiritual confessorPadres de la Iglesia Fathers of the Christian Church3 priest, father.* * *1 father2 RELIGIÓN (sacerdote) father1 parents► adjetivo1 familiar (fenomenal) terrific\de padre y muy señor mío familiar almightyno tener ni padre, ni madre, ni perrito que le ladre to be all alone in the worldser cada uno de su padre y su madre to be an odd mixture¡su (tu etc) padre! familiar and the same to you!padre de familia head of the familypadre espiritual confessorpadre político father-in-lawel Santo Padre the Holy Father, the Pope* * *noun m.- padres* * *1. SM1) (=progenitor) father; (Zool) father, sireGutiérrez padre — Gutiérrez senior, the elder Gutiérrez
de padre y muy señor mío —
una paliza de padre y muy señor mío — an almighty thrashing, the father and mother of a thrashing
padre de familia — family man; (Jur) head of a household
2) pl padres (=padre y madre) parents3) (Rel) fatherPadre Nuestro — Lord's Prayer, Our Father
4) [de disciplina] father5) *¡mi padre! — you don't say! *
¡tu padre! — up yours! **
¡eres mi padre! — you're a marvel!
2.ADJ * (=enorme) huge* * *Ia) (fam) ( grande) terrible (colloq)me di or me llevé un susto padre — I got a hell of a fright (colloq)
un escándalo padre — an almighty o a terrible fuss
b) [estar] (Méx fam) <coche/persona> great (colloq), fantasticII1) ( pariente) fatherde padre y (muy) señor mío — terrible (colloq)
no tener padre ni madre, ni perrito que le ladre — to be all alone in the world
2) (Relig) ( sacerdote) father* * *= father, dad.Ex. A patronymic is the name derived from the given name of the father, often by the addition of a suffix.Ex. Tuan is his new father figure after his real dad sadly died after being poorly for a long time.----* Asociación de Madres y Padres de Alumnos (AMPA) = Parent-Teacher Association (PTA).* asociación de padres = parents' association.* asociación de padres de alumnos = Parent-Teacher Association (PTA).* de los padres = parental.* día del padre, el = Father's Day.* el padre de = the father of.* familia en la que los dos padres trabajan = dual-income family.* formación de padres = parenting, parenting education.* madre o padre adoptivo = foster parent.* madre o padre biológico = biological parent.* madre o padre de nacimiento = birth parent.* madre o padre natural = birth parent.* madre or padre adoptivo = adoptive parent.* padre adoptivo = foster father, adoptive father.* padre biológico = biological father.* padre de familia = pater familias, family man.* padre de nacimiento = birth father.* padre fundador = founding father.* padre natural = birth father.* padres = parents.* padres adoptivos = adopted parents.* padres biológicos = biological parents.* padre soltero = single father.* reunión a la que los padres acuden con sus bebés = lapsit.* sueño de los padres = hand-me-down dream.* * *Ia) (fam) ( grande) terrible (colloq)me di or me llevé un susto padre — I got a hell of a fright (colloq)
un escándalo padre — an almighty o a terrible fuss
b) [estar] (Méx fam) <coche/persona> great (colloq), fantasticII1) ( pariente) fatherde padre y (muy) señor mío — terrible (colloq)
no tener padre ni madre, ni perrito que le ladre — to be all alone in the world
2) (Relig) ( sacerdote) father* * *= father, dad.Ex: A patronymic is the name derived from the given name of the father, often by the addition of a suffix.
Ex: Tuan is his new father figure after his real dad sadly died after being poorly for a long time.* Asociación de Madres y Padres de Alumnos (AMPA) = Parent-Teacher Association (PTA).* asociación de padres = parents' association.* asociación de padres de alumnos = Parent-Teacher Association (PTA).* de los padres = parental.* día del padre, el = Father's Day.* el padre de = the father of.* familia en la que los dos padres trabajan = dual-income family.* formación de padres = parenting, parenting education.* madre o padre adoptivo = foster parent.* madre o padre biológico = biological parent.* madre o padre de nacimiento = birth parent.* madre o padre natural = birth parent.* madre or padre adoptivo = adoptive parent.* padre adoptivo = foster father, adoptive father.* padre biológico = biological father.* padre de familia = pater familias, family man.* padre de nacimiento = birth father.* padre fundador = founding father.* padre natural = birth father.* padres = parents.* padres adoptivos = adopted parents.* padres biológicos = biological parents.* padre soltero = single father.* reunión a la que los padres acuden con sus bebés = lapsit.* sueño de los padres = hand-me-down dream.* * *nos dimos or nos llevamos un susto padre we got a hell of a o a terrible fright ( colloq)se armó un escándalo padre there was an almighty o a terrible fuss¡qué padre! great!A (pariente) fathermis padres my parentscada uno es/era de su padre y de su madre they are/were all differentde padre y (muy) señor mío terrible ( colloq)le pegó una paliza de padre y (muy) señor mío he gave him the thrashing of his life, he gave him a terrible o an almighty beatingun dolor de cabeza de padre y (muy) señor mío a terrible o an almighty o ( colloq) a splitting headacheno tener padre ni madre, ni perrito que le ladre to be all alone in the worldCompuestos:father, family man( Hist) hero of the nationlos padres de la patria (fundadores) the founding fathers, the founders of the nationveo que los padres de la patria acaban de votarse otro aumento ( iró) (diputados) I see our esteemed leaders have awarded themselves another salary increase ( iro)B ( Relig) (sacerdote) fatherel padre Miguel Father MiguelCompuesto:confessorCDios Padre God the Father* * *
padre sustantivo masculino
1 ( pariente) father;
padre de familia father, family man
2 (Relig) ( sacerdote) father
■ adjetivo
padre
I sustantivo masculino
1 father
(creador, inventor) el padre de la nueva ciencia, the father of modern science
2 Rel father
II adj fam huge: le cayó una bronca padre, he got a tremendous telling-off
♦ Locuciones: darse/pegarse la vida padre, to live like a king
Recuerda que el plural de father se refiere únicamente al sexo masculino. Para referirnos al padre y a la madre de alguien hay que usar la palabra parent. Por tanto, la pregunta ¿qué tal tus padres? debe traducirse por how are your parents?
' padre' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aciaga
- aciago
- acordarse
- adoptiva
- adoptivo
- afectar
- aire
- algo
- balanza
- cargar
- clavada
- clavado
- como
- como quiera
- comoquiera
- conectar
- contabilidad
- creer
- dar
- deferencia
- derrumbarse
- desastre
- descalificar
- descubrir
- detalle
- devoción
- difunta
- difunto
- espíritu
- estibador
- estibadora
- falsificar
- gafar
- gaita
- heredar
- igual
- imagen
- impresionar
- introducir
- llevarse
- mal
- negocio
- nuestra
- nuestro
- oriunda
- oriundo
- parecerse
- progenitor
- progenitora
- reciente
English:
abuse
- ageing
- anathema
- and
- appendicitis
- assignment
- born
- borrow
- brass
- cover
- day
- disobey
- father
- fatherless
- fracture
- image
- interfere
- late
- let
- over
- parent
- resemblance
- reverend
- senior
- single parent
- take after
- who
- admission
- aware
- bidding
- fit
- go
- her
- his
- just
- look
- man
- my
- neat
- our
- papa
- parenthood
- paternal
- single
- take
- their
- -to-be
- vaguely
- your
* * *♦ nm1. [pariente] father;Cervantes es el padre de la novela moderna Cervantes is the father of the modern novel;Emilio padre Emilio senior;Famcada uno es de su padre y de su madre each one is different;Famde padre y muy señor mío incredible, tremendous;Esp Famhacer padre a alguien to make sb a happy manFam¡tu padre! sod you!;Fam Humno tener padre ni madre ni perrito que le ladre to be without o not to have a friend in the worldpadre de familia head of the family;padre de la patria founding father;padre político father-in-law;padre soltero single parent2. [sacerdote] fatherpadre espiritual confessor; Rel Padres de la Iglesia Fathers of the Christian Church; Rel padre nuestro Lord's Prayer♦ adj invFamse armó el lío padre there was a terrible o huge fuss;fue el cachondeo padre it was a great laughesa canción está muy padre that song is really great o fantastic;¡ay qué padre! hey, that's great o fantastic!♦ padres nmpl1. [padre y madre] parents2. [antepasados] forefathers, ancestors;las tradiciones de nuestros padres the traditions of our forefathers o ancestors* * *m father;REL el Padre Martin Father Martin;padres pl parents;de padre y muy señor mío terrible;¡qué padre! Méx brilliant!* * *padre nm1) : father2) padres nmpl: parents* * *padre n father -
8 fundador
adj.founding.m.founder, settlor, founding father, settler.* * *► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 founder* * *(f. - fundadora)noun* * *fundador, -aSM / F founder* * *- dora masculino, femenino founder* * *= founder.Ex. The origins of informatics are ascribed to Paul Otlet, the founder of documentation theory.----* miembro fundador = founder member.* padre fundador = founding father.* * *- dora masculino, femenino founder* * *= founder.Ex: The origins of informatics are ascribed to Paul Otlet, the founder of documentation theory.
* miembro fundador = founder member.* padre fundador = founding father.* * *masculine, femininefounder* * *
fundador◊ - dora sustantivo masculino, femenino
founder
fundador,-ora sustantivo masculino y femenino founder
' fundador' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
fundadora
English:
founder
- found
* * *fundador, -ora♦ adjfounding♦ nm,ffounder* * *m, fundadora f founder* * *: founder -
9 capo
m anatomy headcapo del governo head of governmentcapo dello Stato head of statecapo di vestiario item of clothingda capo from the beginningti seguirò in capo al mondo I'll follow you to the ends of the earthper sommi capi brieflyandare a capo start a new paragraphnon venire a capo di nulla be unable to come to any kind of conclusionquesta storia non ha né capo né coda this story just doesn't make senseinformation technology a capo automatico word wrap* * *capo s.m.1 head: a capo alto, with one's head held high; (fig.) proudly; a capo chino, with drooping head; a capo scoperto, bare-headed (o hatless); da capo a piedi, from head to foot; ( di cosa) from top to bottom; ho mal di capo, mi duole il capo, I have a headache, my head aches; chinare il capo, to bend (o to bow) one's head; (fig.) to bow; scrollare il capo, to shake one's head; dar di capo, battere il capo, to bang one's head; una buona lavata di capo, a thorough dressing-down (o scolding) // senza capo né coda, without rhyme or reason: un ragionamento senza capo né coda, a nonsensical (o loose) reasoning // tra capo e collo, unexpectedly // mettere in capo a qlcu., to put into s.o.'s head; mettersi in capo qlco., to take (o to get) sthg. into one's head // non sapere dove battere il capo, to be at a loss; rompersi il capo, (fig.) to rack one's brains ∙ Specialmente nelle frasi idiomatiche la parola 'capo' in questa accezione viene sempre più spesso sostituita da 'testa', per cui si consiglia di consultare anche questo lemma2 ( estremità, principio) head; ( fine) end: da un capo all'altro, from end to end; sedevano ai due capi della tavola, they were sitting at both ends of the table; in capo a un mese, within a month (o after a whole month) // Capo d'Anno, New Year's Day // a capo, ( dettando) new line (o new paragraph): andare a capo, to begin a new paragraph; punto e a capo, full stop and new line (anche fig.) // da capo, over again (o from the beginning): dobbiamo ricominciare da capo, we have to start all over again // andare in capo al mondo, to go to the end of the world // venire a capo di qlco., to carry sthg. through (o fam. to get through sthg.) // cosa fatta capo ha, what is done cannot be undone3 (geogr.) cape; headland; ness; (spec. scoz.) mull: doppiare un capo, to round a cape // il Capo di Buona Speranza, the Cape of Good Hope; Città del Capo, Capetown; la Provincia del Capo, Cape Province4 ( singolo animale, in un gregge, in una mandria) animal; (al pl.) head: questo è il più bel capo della mia mandria, this is the best animal in my herd; furono venduti ottanta capi di bestiame, eighty head of cattle were sold5 ( articolo commerciale) article: un capo di vestiario, an article of clothing; a settanta euro il capo, at seventy euros each6 ( chi presiede, comanda) head, chief, (fam.) boss; (pol.) leader: il capo di un'azienda, the head of a firm (o company); capo di una tribù, chief of a tribe; capo sindacale, labour leader; il capo di un partito, the leader of a party; capo di stato, head of state; dov'è il capo?, where's the boss? // capo del personale, personnel manager; capo dell'ufficio vendite, sales director; capo contabile, chief accountant; capo magazziniere, storekeeper; capo operaio, foreman; capo cameriere, head waiter; capo cantiere, yard foreman; capo ufficio stampa, head of the press office; ragioniere capo, head (o chief) accountant; dirigente capo, top executive; ispettore capo, chief inspector (o inspector general) // capo cronista, news editor // capo d'Istituto, principal, ( preside) headmaster // capo storico, founding father // essere a capo di un'azienda, to be at the head of a business; essere a capo di un esercito, to be at the head of an army7 ( articolo, punto di un discorso, di una relazione) head, item: (dir.) capo d'accusa, charge (o count); capo primo, secondo, terzo..., item one, two, three...; discorso diviso in sette capi, speech arranged under seven heads // capo primo, first of all // per sommi capi, in short (o summarily): una relazione per sommi capi, a summary account.* * *['kapo]1. sm1) Anat heada capo chino/alto — with one's head bowed/held high
fra capo e collo — (all'improvviso) out of the blue
2) (di fabbrica, ufficio) head, boss, (di tribù) chiefil mio capo è molto esigente — my boss is very demanding, (di partito, movimento) leader
essere a capo di qc — to head sth, be at the head of sth
2. agg inv(giardiniere, sorvegliante) head attr* * *['kapo] 1.sostantivo maschile1) (testa) headpassare per il capo — fig. to go through one's mind
2) (chi comanda, dirige) boss, chief, head, leadercomandante in capo — mil. commander-in-chief
3) (singolo elemento) article, item- i colorati — coloureds
4) (di bestiame) head*5) (estremità) (di fune) end; (di letto, chiodo) headin capo alla pagina — at the top o head of the page
6) (promontorio) cape, headland7) (filo) strand8) mar. mil.capo di prima, seconda, terza classe — = chief petty officer
9) da caporicominciare da capo — to start afresh, to begin anew
10) a capo (al comando)essere a capo di qcs. — to head (up) sth.; (in un nuovo paragrafo)
andare a capo — to start a new line; (nella dettatura) new paragraph
venire a capo di — (risolvere) to thrash o work out [ problema]
11) fare capo a (appoggiarsi) [ persona] to refer to; (dipendere) [organizzazione, movimento] to depend on2.aggettivo invariabilecapo d'accusa — dir. count
••tremare da capo a piedi — to be trembling all over o from head to foot
senza capo né coda — without rhyme or reason; [ discorso] all over the place
in capo al mondo — [ abitare] in the back of beyond; [ andare] to the ends of the earth
per sommi -i — in short, briefly
* * *capo/'kapo/ ⇒ 4I sostantivo m.2 (chi comanda, dirige) boss, chief, head, leader; capo del personale personnel manager; comandante in capo mil. commander-in-chief3 (singolo elemento) article, item; un capo di vestiario an article of clothing; - i colorati coloureds4 (di bestiame) head*; 30 -i di bestiame 30 head of cattle5 (estremità) (di fune) end; (di letto, chiodo) head; da un capo all'altro from one end to another; all'altro capo (del telefono) at the other end (of the line); da capo a fondo from top to bottom; in capo alla pagina at the top o head of the page; in capo a un mese within a month6 (promontorio) cape, headland; Capo Horn Cape Horn7 (filo) strand; lana a due -i two-ply wool8 mar. mil. capo di prima, seconda, terza classe = chief petty officer9 da capo ricominciare da capo to start afresh, to begin anew10 a capo (al comando) essere a capo di qcs. to head (up) sth.; (in un nuovo paragrafo) andare a capo to start a new line; (nella dettatura) new paragraph; venire a capo di (risolvere) to thrash o work out [ problema]11 fare capo a (appoggiarsi) [ persona] to refer to; (dipendere) [organizzazione, movimento] to depend onispettore capo chief inspector; redattore capo editor-in-chieftremare da capo a piedi to be trembling all over o from head to foot; senza capo né coda without rhyme or reason; [ discorso] all over the place; cadere fra capo e collo to come unexpectedly; in capo al mondo [ abitare] in the back of beyond; [ andare] to the ends of the earth; per sommi -i in short, briefly\capo d'accusa dir. count; capo del governo premier; capo di istituto principal; capo di Stato head of State; capo di stato maggiore Chief of Staff; capo storico founding father. -
10 ojciec
father; ( założyciel) (founding) father, originator- ojcowie* * *mp1. ( wobec swoich dzieci) father; ( przodek) ancestor, forefather; ojciec chrzestny godfather; przybrany ojciec foster father, nursing father; ojcowie miasta city fathers; Bóg Ojciec rel. God the Father; Ojciec Święty Holy Father; ojciec kościoła Church Father; Ojcze Nasz Our Father, paternoster; wykapany ojciec he's the spitting image of his father; tradycje ojców ancestral traditions.2. ( samiec zwierząt) sire.3. (= inicjator, założyciel) founding father, originator; (teatru, literatury, dramatu) father; jaki ojciec, taki syn like father, like son.4. pot. (= mąż) hubby, my man, mister.5. pot. (= mężczyzna, zwłaszcza starszy) old man.6. rel. (zakonnik, duchowny) father.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > ojciec
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11 κτίσις
κτίσις, εως, ἡ (s. prec. and two next entries; Pind.+).① act of creation, creation (Iren. 1, 17, 1 [Harv. I 164, 11]; Hippol., Ref. 6, 33 κ. τοῦ κόσμου; 6, 55, 1; Did., Gen. 24, 4): ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου since the creation of the world Ro 1:20 (cp. PsSol 8, 7; ApcSed 8:10; Jos., Bell. 4, 533). The Son of God was σύμβουλος τῷ πατρὶ τῆς κτίσεως αὐτοῦ counselor to the Father in his creative work Hs 9, 12, 2.② the result of a creative act, that which is created (EpArist 136; 139; TestReub 2:9).ⓐ of individual things or beings created, creature (Tob 8:5, 15) created thing τὶς κ. ἑτέρα any other creature Ro 8:39. οὐκ ἔστιν κ. ἀφανὴς ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ no creature is hidden from (God’s) sight Hb 4:13. πᾶν γένος τῆς κ. τοῦ κυρίου every kind of creature that the Lord made Hs 9, 1, 8; πᾶσα κ. every created thing (cp. Jdth 9:12) MPol 14:1. Of Christ πρωτότοκος πάσης κ. Col 1:15. Of the name of God ἀρχέγονον πάσης κ. 1 Cl 59:3. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον … τὸ κηρυχθὲν ἐν πάσῃ κτίσει the gospel … which has been preached to every creature (here limited to human beings) Col 1:23.—Pl. (En 18:1) δοξάζειν τὰς κτίσεις τοῦ θεοῦ praise the created works of God Hv 1, 1, 3.—The Christian is described by Paul as καινὴ κ. a new creature 2 Cor 5:17, and the state of being in the new faith by the same words as a new creation Gal 6:15 (cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 373 καιναὶ κτίσεις). S. on ἐκλογή end.ⓑ the sum total of everything created, creation, world (ApcMos 32; SibOr 5, 152; ὁρωμένη κ. Did., Gen. 1 B, 6; 13 A, 2) ἡ κ. αὐτοῦ Hv 1, 3, 4. ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς κ. at the beginning of the world B 15:3; ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς κ. from the beginning of the world Mk 13:19; 2 Pt 3:4. Likew. Mk 10:6; πᾶσα ἡ κ. the whole creation (Jdth 16:14; Ps 104:21 v.l.; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 7 [Stone p. 32], B 12 p. 116, 31 [St. p. 80]; TestLevi 4:1; TestNapht 2:3; ParJer 9:6; PGM 12, 85) Hv 3, 4, 1; m 12, 4, 2; Hs 5, 6, 5; 9, 14, 5; 9, 23, 4; 9, 25, 1. The whole world is full of God’s glory 1 Cl 34:6. ἀόργητος ὑπάρχει πρὸς πᾶσαν τὴν κτίσιν αὐτοῦ 19:3. ὁ υἱὸς τ. θεοῦ πάσης τ. κτίσεως αὐτοῦ προγενέστερός ἐστιν the Son of God is older than all his creation Hs 9, 12, 2. πᾶσα ἡ κ. limited to humankind Mk 16:15; Hm 7:5. Also ἡ κτίσις τῶν ἀνθρώπων D 16:5.—αὕτη ἡ κ. this world (earthly in contrast to heavenly) Hb 9:11.—κ. the creation, what was created in contrast to the Creator (Wsd 16:24) Ro 1:25 (EpArist 139 θεὸν σεβόμενοι παρʼ ὅλην τὴν κτίσιν).—Of Christ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κτίσεως τοῦ θεοῦ Rv 3:14 (s. ἀρχή 3).—The mng. of κτ. is in dispute in Ro 8:19–22, though the pass. is usu. taken to mean the waiting of the whole creation below the human level (animate and inanimate—so, e.g., OCullmann, Christ and Time [tr. FFilson] ’50, 103).—HBiedermann, D. Erlösg. der Schöpfung beim Ap. Pls. ’40.③ system of established authority that is the result of some founding action, governance system, authority system. Corresponding to 1, κτίσις is also the act by which an authoritative or governmental body is created (ins in CB I/2, 468 no. 305 [I A.D.]: founding of the Gerousia [Senate]. Somewhat comparable, of the founding of a city: Scymnus Chius vs. 89 κτίσεις πόλεων). But then, in accordance with 2, it is prob. also the result of the act, the institution or authority itself 1 Pt 2:13 (Diod S 11, 60, 2 has κτίστης as the title of a high official. Cp. νομοθεσία in both meanings: 1. lawgiving, legislation; 2. the result of an action, i.e. law.) To a Hellene a well-ordered society was primary (s. Aristot., Pol. 1, 1, 1, 1252). It was understood that the function of government was to maintain such a society, and the moral objective described in vs. 14 is in keeping with this goal.—BBrinkman, ‘Creation’ and ‘Creature’ I, Bijdragen (Nijmegen) 18, ’57, 129–39, also 359–74; GLampe, The NT Doctrine of κτίσις, SJT 17, ’64, 449–62.—DELG s.v. κτίζω. M-M. TW. Sv. -
12 ojciec oj·ciec
-ca, -cowie; dat sg & loc sg -cu; voc sg - cze1. m1) father2) (= założyciel instytucji) (founding) father2.ojcowie pl (= przodkowie) forefathers, ancestorsojciec Święty (= papież) — holy Father, the Pope
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13 McCormick, Cyrus
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1809 Walnut Grove, Virginia, USAd. 1884 USA[br]American inventor of the first functionally and commercially successful reaping machine; founder of the McCormick Company, which was to become one of the founding companies of International Harvester.[br]Cyrus McCormick's father, a farmer, began to experiment unsuccessfully with a harvesting machine between 1809 and 1816. His son took up the challenge and gave his first public demonstration of his machine in 1831. It cut a 4 ft swathe, but, wanting to perfect the machine, he waited until 1834 before patenting it, by which time he felt that his invention was threatened by others of similar design. In the same year he entered an article in the Mechanics Magazine, warning competitors off his design. His main rival was Obed Hussey who contested McCormick's claim to the originality of the idea, having patented his own machine six months before McCormick.A competition between the two machines was held in 1843, the judges favouring McCormick's, even after additional trials were conducted after objections of unfairness from Hussey. The rivalry continued over a number of years, being avidly reported in the agricultural press. The publicity did no harm to reaper sales, and McCormick sold twenty-nine machines in 1843 and fifty the following year.As the westward settlement movement progressed, so the demand for McCormick's machine grew. In order to be more central to his markets, McCormick established himself in Chicago. In partnership with C.M.Gray he established a factory to produce 500 harvesters for the 1848 season. By means of advertising and offers of credit terms, as well as production-line assembly, McCormick was able to establish himself as sole owner and also control all production, under the one roof. By the end of the decade he dominated reaper production but other developments were to threaten this position; however, foreign markets were appearing at the same time, not least the opportunities of European sales stimulated by the Great Exhibition in 1851. In the trials arranged by the Royal Agricultural Society of England the McCormick machine significantly outperformed that of Hussey's, and as a result McCormick arranged for 500 to be made under licence in England.In 1874 McCormick bought a half interest in the patent for a wire binder from Charles Withington, a watchmaker from Janesville, Wisconsin, and by 1885 a total of 50,000 wire binders had been built in Chicago. By 1881 McCormick was producing twine binders using Appleby's twine knotter under a licence agreement, and by 1885 the company was producing only twine binders. The McCormick Company was one of the co-founders of the International Harvester Company in 1901.[br]Bibliography1972, The Century of the Reaper, Johnson Reprint (the original is in the New York State Library).Further ReadingGraeme Quick and Wesley Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (deals in detail with McCormick's developments).G.H.Wendell, 1981, 150 Years of International Harvester, Crestlink (though more concerned with the machinery produced by International Harvester, it gives an account of its originating companies).T.W.Hutchinson, 1930, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Seedtime 1809–1856; ——1935, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Harvest 1856–1884 (both attempt to unravel the many claims surrounding the reaper story).Herbert N.Casson, 1908, The Romance of the Reaper, Doubleday Page (deals with McCormick, Deering and the formation of International Harvester).AP -
14 Böttger, Johann Friedrich
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 4 February 1682 Scheiz, Germanyd. 13 March 1719 Dresden, Germany[br]German inventor of Meissen porcelain.[br]After the early death of his father, Böttger spent his childhood in Magdeburg, where he received instruction in mathematics, fortification and pyrotechnics. He spent twelve years with the apothecary F.Zorn in Berlin, where there was a flourishing colony of alchemists. Böttger became an adept himself and claimed to have achieved transmutations into gold by 1701.In March 1702 Böttger moved near to Dresden, in the service of August II, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland. While there, he made friends with E.W.von Tschirnhaus (1651–1708), scientist and possessor of glass-and ironworks. It was this association that led eventually to the founding of the celebrated Meissen porcelain factory. By 1708, Böttger had succeeded in making fine red stoneware by adding a flux, alabaster or marble, to infusible Saxony clay. By varying his raw materials, and in particular in using white china clay from the Erzgebirge, he obtained the first European true, hard, white porcelain, which had eluded European workers for centuries. At the same time he improved the furnace to achieve a temperature of around 1,350°C. To exploit his discovery, the Meissen factory was set up in 1710 and its products began to be marketed in 1713. Böttger managed the factory until his death in 1719, although throughout the period of experimentation and exploitation he had worked in conditions of great secrecy, in a vain attempt to preserve the secret of the process.[br]Further ReadingC.A.Engelhardt, 1837, J.F.Böttger: Erfinder des sachsischen Porzellan, Leipzig; reprinted 1982, Verlag Weidlich (the classic biography).K.Hoffman, 1985, Johann Friedrich Böttger: von Alchemistengold zum weissenPorzellan, Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben.LRDBiographical history of technology > Böttger, Johann Friedrich
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15 Weldon, Walter
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 31 October 1832 Loughborough, Englandd. 20 September 1885 Burstow, Surrey, England[br]English industrial chemist.[br]It was intended that Weldon should enter his father's factory in Loughborough, but he decided instead to turn to journalism, which he pursued with varying success in London. His Weldon's Register of Facts and Occurrences in Literature, Science, and Art ran for only four years, from 1860 to 1864, but the fashion magazine Weldon's Journal, which he published with his wife, was more successful. Meanwhile Weldon formed an interest in chemistry, although he had no formal training in that subject. He devoted himself to solving one of the great problems of industrial chemistry at that time. The Leblanc process for the manufacture of soda produced large quantities of hydrochloric acid in gas form. By this time, this by-product was being converted, by oxidation with manganese dioxide, to chlorine, which was much used in the textile and paper industries as a bleaching agent. The manganese ended up as manganese chloride, from which it was difficult to convert back to the oxide, for reuse in treating the hydrochloric acid, and it was an expensive substance. Weldon visited the St Helens district of Lancashire, an important centre for the manufacture of soda, to work on the problem. During the three years from 1866 to 1869, he took out six patents for the regeneration of manganese dioxide by treating the manganese chloride with milk of lime and blowing air through it. The Weldon process was quickly adopted and had a notable economic effect: the price of bleaching powder came down by £6 per ton and production went up fourfold.By the time of his death, nearly all chlorine works in the world used Weldon's process. The distinguished French chemist J.B.A.Dumas said of the process, when presenting Weldon with a gold medal, "every sheet of paper and every yard of calico has been cheapened throughout the world". Weldon played an active part in the founding of the Society of Chemical Industry.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1882. President, Society of Chemical Industry 1883–4.Further ReadingT.C.Barker and J.R.Harris, 1954, A Merseyside Town in the Industrial Revolution: St Helens, 1750–1900, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press; reprinted with corrections, 1959, London: Cass.S.Miall, 1931, A History of the British Chemical Industry.LRD -
16 Guimarães
This city in Braga district, which is known as the cradle of Portuguese nationality, has origins that precede both the monarchy and the nation. Portugal's first king, Afonso Henriques, was born in Guimarães, and it was here that the first Cortes was held, where it was decided in 1093 to give the government of the county of Portugal to the Burgundian Count Henry, the father of Afonso Henriques, later king of Portugal. In 1853, Guimarães was declared a city by Queen Maria II. Long a symbol of the founding of Portugal, Guimarães's classic granite castle has many historic associations. It was here that the official opening of the 1940 Double Centenary celebrations occurred. With only a small population, Guimarães has a large number of medieval monuments, including churches, palaces, and chapels. -
17 Lusitania
(and Lusitanians)Pre-Roman ancient Iberians who inhabited what became known to the Romans as the province of Lusitania. Little is known of the Lusitanians, considered to be the ancestral "race" of native Portuguese, and scholars debate the extent to which Lusitanians had Celtic roots and traits. The Greek scholar Strabo's account of the Lusitanians' customs is the only detailed picture of a people who had a warlike reputation and may have practiced human sacrifice. The Lusitanians fiercely resisted Roman conquest, and a chief figure of resistance over many years was the hunter-shepherd Viriatus. Eventually, the Lusitanians were subdued by the Romans. In mythology, Lusitania and Lusitanians owed their origins to a founding father, known in legend as Lusus. Thus, the prefix signifying Portuguese language and culture is Luso, as in "Luso-Brazilian," etc. -
18 творцы конституции США
1) American: the Fathers (of the Constitution)2) Law: Founding father 's, Framers3) Diplomatic term: Fathers of the ConstitutionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > творцы конституции США
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19 imponer
v.1 to set (moda).2 to be imposing.3 to impose, to enforce, to compel, to foist.Ella impone el reglamento She imposes the rules.4 to stipulate, to set, to determine, to lay down.Elsa impone el plan de acción Elsa stipulates the plan of action.5 to be imposed upon.Se me impuso una regla estúpida A stupid rule was imposed on me.* * *1 (ley, límite, sanción) to impose2 (obediencia) to exact3 (respeto) to inspire4 FINANZAS (cantidad) to deposit1 (asustar) to be frightening1 to impose one's authority (a, on)2 (obligarse) to force oneself to3 (prevalecer) to prevail4 (predominar) to become fashionable* * *verb1) to impose2) exact•* * *( pp impuesto)1. VT1) (=poner) [+ castigo, obligación] to impose; [+ tarea] to setimponer sanciones comerciales a un país — to impose trade sanctions against o on a country
no quiero imponerte nada, solo darte un buen consejo — I don't want to force you to do anything o I don't want to impose anything on you, just to give you some good advice
el juez le impuso una pena de tres años de prisión — the judge gave him a three-year prison sentence
a la princesa le impusieron el nombre de Mercedes — the princess was given the name Mercedes, the princess was named Mercedes
3) (=hacer prevalecer) [+ voluntad, costumbre] to impose; [+ norma] to enforce; [+ miedo] to instil; [+ condición] to lay down, impose; [+ enseñanza, uso] to make compulsorysu trabajo le impone un ritmo de vida muy acelerado — her work forces her to lead a very fast lifestyle
algunos creadores japoneses imponen su moda en Occidente — some Japanese designers have successfully brought their fashions over to the West
4) (Com, Econ) [+ dinero] to deposit; [+ impuesto] to put (a, sobre on)levy (a, sobre on)han impuesto nuevas tasas sobre los servicios básicos — they have put o levied new taxes on essential services
5) (=instruir)6) (Rel)7) Chile to pay (in contributions), pay (in Social Security)2. VI1) (=intimidar) [persona] to command respect; [edificio] to be imposing; [arma] to be intimidating¿no te impone dormir solo? — don't you find it rather scary sleeping on your own?
2) Chile to pay contributions, pay one's Social Security3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) (frml) <castigo/multa> to impose (frml)b) (frml) <gravamen/impuesto> to impose, levy (frml)c) < obligación> to impose, place; < opinión> to impose; <reglas/condiciones> to impose, enforce; < tarea> to sete) < moda> to set2) (frml) (+ me/te/le etc) <condecoración/medalla> to confer; < nombre> to give3) ( informar)imponer a alguien de or en algo — to inform somebody of o about something
4) (Esp frml) <dinero/fondos> to deposit5) (Chi) ( a la seguridad social) to contribute2.imponer vi (infundir respeto, admiración) to be imposing3.imponerse v pron1)a) (refl) <horario/meta> to set oneselfb) idea to become establishedc) (frml) cambio/decisión to be imperative (frml)d) color/estilo to come into fashion2) ( hacerse respetar) to assert oneself o one's authority3) (frml) ( vencer) to winimponerse a alguien/algo — to defeat o beat somebody/something
4) (frml) ( informarse)5) (Méx) ( acostumbrarse)* * *= be awe-inspiring, dictate, lay on, impose, enjoin, inflict, enforce, thrust on/upon, mete out.Ex. Yet the speed of action, the intricacy of trails, the detail of mental pictures, is awe-inspiring beyond all else in nature.Ex. Also, economy dictates that every possible entry cannot be printed.Ex. Those are, as I said in another context, monickers that were laid on them by ignorant and, I would say, mean-minded authors for their own purposes.Ex. Results suggest that the structure imposed on a small document collection by an automatically produced subject representation is unrelated to the structure imposed on the documents by relevance relationships.Ex. Heightened interest in the nation's founding and in the intentions of the founders enjoins law librarians to provide reference service for research in the history of the constitutional period.Ex. This article discusses the budget cuts inflicted on Australian libraries.Ex. Economic necessity will enforce an improvement in the provision of patent information in Hungary.Ex. Different responsibilities will be thrust upon librarians as their work becomes an increasingly vital complement to academic work, in particular assisting academics and students alike in creating order out of the chaos that is the Internet.Ex. Governmental intervention has been criticized for the lenience of penalties meted out & the lack of a cohesive strategy.----* imponer a = intrude on.* imponer autoridad = lay down + the law.* imponer castigo = mete out + punishment.* imponer condena = impose + prison sentence.* imponer exigencias a = place + demands on.* imponer impuestos = impose + VAT.* imponer multa = impose + penalty.* imponer orden = impose + order, bring + order.* imponer orden en donde hay caos = bring + order out of chaos.* imponer + Posesivo + autoridad = pull + rank.* imponer recortes = impose + cuts.* imponer respeto = stand in + awe.* imponer restricciones a = impose + limits on.* imponer sanción económica = levy + fine.* imponer sanciones = exercise + sanctions.* imponerse = prevail, obtrude (into), take + hold, put + Posesivo + foot down, overrule.* imponerse a Uno mismo = self-mandate.* imponerse disciplina = discipline + Reflexivo.* imponer sentencia = mete out + sentence.* imponerse una tarea = task + Reflexivo.* imponer una carga = place + burden.* imponer una condición = place + limitation.* imponer una limitación = place + restraint, impose + limitation.* imponer una limitación (sobre) = place + constraint (on/upon).* imponer una limitación sobre Algo = impose + constraint upon.* imponer una norma = place + prescription.* imponer una restricción = place + requirement, place + restraint.* imponer una restricción sobre Algo = impose + constraint upon.* imponer una sanción = impose + sanction.* imponer una tarea = task.* imponer una tarea a Alguien = foist + Nombre + on + Alguien + as a duty.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) (frml) <castigo/multa> to impose (frml)b) (frml) <gravamen/impuesto> to impose, levy (frml)c) < obligación> to impose, place; < opinión> to impose; <reglas/condiciones> to impose, enforce; < tarea> to sete) < moda> to set2) (frml) (+ me/te/le etc) <condecoración/medalla> to confer; < nombre> to give3) ( informar)imponer a alguien de or en algo — to inform somebody of o about something
4) (Esp frml) <dinero/fondos> to deposit5) (Chi) ( a la seguridad social) to contribute2.imponer vi (infundir respeto, admiración) to be imposing3.imponerse v pron1)a) (refl) <horario/meta> to set oneselfb) idea to become establishedc) (frml) cambio/decisión to be imperative (frml)d) color/estilo to come into fashion2) ( hacerse respetar) to assert oneself o one's authority3) (frml) ( vencer) to winimponerse a alguien/algo — to defeat o beat somebody/something
4) (frml) ( informarse)5) (Méx) ( acostumbrarse)* * *= be awe-inspiring, dictate, lay on, impose, enjoin, inflict, enforce, thrust on/upon, mete out.Ex: Yet the speed of action, the intricacy of trails, the detail of mental pictures, is awe-inspiring beyond all else in nature.
Ex: Also, economy dictates that every possible entry cannot be printed.Ex: Those are, as I said in another context, monickers that were laid on them by ignorant and, I would say, mean-minded authors for their own purposes.Ex: Results suggest that the structure imposed on a small document collection by an automatically produced subject representation is unrelated to the structure imposed on the documents by relevance relationships.Ex: Heightened interest in the nation's founding and in the intentions of the founders enjoins law librarians to provide reference service for research in the history of the constitutional period.Ex: This article discusses the budget cuts inflicted on Australian libraries.Ex: Economic necessity will enforce an improvement in the provision of patent information in Hungary.Ex: Different responsibilities will be thrust upon librarians as their work becomes an increasingly vital complement to academic work, in particular assisting academics and students alike in creating order out of the chaos that is the Internet.Ex: Governmental intervention has been criticized for the lenience of penalties meted out & the lack of a cohesive strategy.* imponer a = intrude on.* imponer autoridad = lay down + the law.* imponer castigo = mete out + punishment.* imponer condena = impose + prison sentence.* imponer exigencias a = place + demands on.* imponer impuestos = impose + VAT.* imponer multa = impose + penalty.* imponer orden = impose + order, bring + order.* imponer orden en donde hay caos = bring + order out of chaos.* imponer + Posesivo + autoridad = pull + rank.* imponer recortes = impose + cuts.* imponer respeto = stand in + awe.* imponer restricciones a = impose + limits on.* imponer sanción económica = levy + fine.* imponer sanciones = exercise + sanctions.* imponerse = prevail, obtrude (into), take + hold, put + Posesivo + foot down, overrule.* imponerse a Uno mismo = self-mandate.* imponerse disciplina = discipline + Reflexivo.* imponer sentencia = mete out + sentence.* imponerse una tarea = task + Reflexivo.* imponer una carga = place + burden.* imponer una condición = place + limitation.* imponer una limitación = place + restraint, impose + limitation.* imponer una limitación (sobre) = place + constraint (on/upon).* imponer una limitación sobre Algo = impose + constraint upon.* imponer una norma = place + prescription.* imponer una restricción = place + requirement, place + restraint.* imponer una restricción sobre Algo = impose + constraint upon.* imponer una sanción = impose + sanction.* imponer una tarea = task.* imponer una tarea a Alguien = foist + Nombre + on + Alguien + as a duty.* * *vtAel gobierno impuso el toque de queda the government imposed a curfewle impusieron una pena de 20 años de cárcel he was sentenced to 20 years in prison, they imposed a 20-year prison sentence on him3 ‹obligación› to impose, place; ‹opinión› to impose; ‹reglas/condiciones› to impose, enforce; ‹tarea› to setno lo sienten como una cosa impuesta they don't see it as an imposition o as something imposed upon themimpusieron el uso obligatorio del cinturón de seguridad safety belts were made compulsoryno te estoy tratando de imponer nada, sólo te estoy advirtiendo de un posible peligro I'm not trying to tell you what to do, I'm just warning you of a possible dangersiempre tiene que imponer su punto de vista he always has to impose his point of view4 ‹respeto› to command; ‹temor› to inspire, instill*5 ‹moda› to setB ( frml) (+ me/te/le etc) ‹condecoración› to confer; ‹nombre› to give; ‹medalla› to conferle impuso la máxima condecoración civil he conferred the highest civil award on o upon himse le impuso el nombre de `calle de los Mártires' it was given the name of `street of the Martyrs'C (informar) imponer a algn DE or EN algo to inform sb OF o ABOUT sthD ( Relig):imponerle las manos a algn to lay one's hands upon o on sbF ( Chi) (a la seguridad social) to contribute■ imponervi(infundir respeto, admiración) to be imposingsu mera presencia impone he has an imposing presence, his mere presence is imposingsu dominio de la situación impone his command of the situation is impressiveA1 ( refl) ‹horario› to set oneself; ‹régimen› to impose … on oneself2 «idea» to become establishedse impone tomar una decisión hoy mismo it is imperative that a decision is o be made todayse impone la necesidad de un cambio a change is imperative, there is an urgent need for a change4 ‹color/estilo› to come into fashion, become fashionableeste invierno se han impuesto las faldas por debajo de la rodilla skirts below the knee have become fashionable o have come into fashion this winterB (hacerse respetar) to assert oneself o one's authorityse impuso por puntos he won on pointsse impondrá el sentido común common sense will prevailimponerse A algn/algo to defeat o beat sb/sthse impusieron a China por siete carreras a dos they beat China by seven runs to twoE ( Méx) (acostumbrarse) imponerse A algo; to become accustomed TO sth* * *
imponer ( conjugate imponer) verbo transitivo (frml)a) to impose (frml);
‹ temor› to inspire, instill( conjugate instill)
imponerse verbo pronominal
1
2 ( hacerse respetar) to assert oneself o one's authority
3 (frml) ( vencer) to win;
imponer verbo transitivo
1 to impose: impuso su criterio contra el de todos, she imposed her viewpoint over that of others
2 (sobrecoger) to be impressive: la visión de la sangre le impone mucho, he can't stand the sight of blood
(suscitar respeto) to inspire respect
3 Fin to deposit
' imponer' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
sancionar
- impuse
- poner
English:
apply
- compel
- dictate
- enforce
- impose
- keep
- levy
- reimpose
- sanction
- command
- embargo
- inflict
- mete out
* * *♦ vta nadie le gusta que le impongan obligaciones no one likes to have responsibilities forced upon them;desde el principio el campeón impuso un fuerte ritmo de carrera the champion set a healthy pace right from the start of the race;el profesor impuso silencio en la clase the teacher silenced the class;una política impuesta por el Banco Mundial a policy imposed by the World Bank2. [aplicar]imponer una multa/un castigo a alguien to impose a fine/a punishment on sb;el juez le impuso una pena de dos años de cárcel the judge sentenced him to two years' imprisonment;le impusieron la difícil tarea de sanear las finanzas de la empresa he was charged with the difficult task of straightening out the company's finances;impusieron la obligatoriedad de llevar casco they made it compulsory to wear a helmet3. [inspirar] [miedo, admiración] to inspire (a in);imponer respeto (a alguien) to command respect (from sb)4. [establecer] [moda] to set;[costumbre] to introduce5. [asignar] [nombre] to give;[medalla, condecoración, título] to award;a la isla se le impuso el nombre de su descubridor the island was named after the person who discovered it;le fue impuesto el título de doctor honoris causa por la Universidad de México he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Mexico7. [en banca] to deposit♦ vito be imposing;el edificio impone por sus grandes dimensiones the size of the building makes it very imposing;imponía con su presencia he had an imposing presence* * *<part impuesto>I v/t1 impose; impuesto impose, levyII v/i be imposing oimpressive* * *imponer {60} vt1) : to impose2) : to conferimponer vi: to be impressive, to command respect* * *imponer vb to impose -
20 Siemens, Sir Charles William
[br]b. 4 April 1823 Lenthe, Germanyd. 19 November 1883 London, England[br]German/British metallurgist and inventory pioneer of the regenerative principle and open-hearth steelmaking.[br]Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1883. FRS 1862. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Medal 1853. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1872. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1872 and 1878. President, British Association 1882.Bibliography27 May 1879, British patent no. 2,110 (electricarc furnace).1889, The Scientific Works of C.William Siemens, ed. E.F.Bamber, 3 vols, London.Further ReadingW.Poles, 1888, Life of Sir William Siemens, London; repub. 1986 (compiled from material supplied by the family).S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers. Pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11 (a short, authoritative biography). S.von Weihr and H.Goetler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in theProgress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1980, English edn, Berlin (a scholarly account with emphasis on technology).GWBiographical history of technology > Siemens, Sir Charles William
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